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		<article id="post-411" class="post-411 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-marc category-marc-in-json clear">
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		<div class="post-author">By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="http://dilettantes.code4lib.org/blog/author/admin/" title="View all posts by Ross" rel="author">Ross</a></span></div><div class="post-date"><a class="post-date-link" href="http://dilettantes.code4lib.org/blog/2010/09/a-proposal-to-serialize-marc-in-json/" rel="bookmark">September 2, 2010</a></div><div class="post-categories"><a href="http://dilettantes.code4lib.org/blog/category/marc/" title="View all posts in MARC" rel="category tag">MARC</a>, <a href="http://dilettantes.code4lib.org/blog/category/marc-in-json/" title="View all posts in MARC-in-JSON" rel="category tag">MARC-in-JSON</a></div>	</div><!-- .post-data -->

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			<a href="http://dilettantes.code4lib.org/blog/2010/09/a-proposal-to-serialize-marc-in-json/#comments" title="Comment on A Proposal to serialize MARC in JSON">6 Comments</a>		</div>
	
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		<header>
			<h1 class="post-title">A Proposal to serialize MARC in JSON</h1>
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		<blockquote><p>Note: to see the backstory and justification of this proposal, <a href="/blog/2010/09/for-your-consideration-yet-another-marc-in-json-proposal-pt-1">please see the preceding post</a>.</p></blockquote>
<p>MARC-in-JSON is a proposed <a href="http://json.org/">JSON</a> schema for representing <a href="http://www.loc.gov/marc/specifications/">MARC</a> records as JSON.  It is the outgrowth of working with MARC data in MongoDB and is intended to be both a faithful representation of MARC as well as a logical and useful model to work natively in JSON-centric environments.  Ideally, this serialization could eventually replace binary MARC as the default format.   The round trip of a MARC-in-JSON record from MARC to JSON back to MARC is lossless and preserves field/subfield order.</p>
<p>An example <a href="http://lccn.loc.gov/93707283/marcxml">MARC bibliographic record</a>, represented as text:<br />
<code><br />
LEADER 01471cjm a2200349 a 4500<br />
001 5674874<br />
005 20030305110405.0<br />
007 sdubsmennmplu<br />
008 930331s1963    nyuppn              eng d<br />
035    $9 (DLC)   93707283<br />
906    $a 7 $b cbc $c copycat $d 4 $e ncip $f 19 $g y-soundrec<br />
010    $a    93707283<br />
028 02 $a CS 8786 $b Columbia<br />
035    $a (OCoLC)13083787<br />
040    $a OClU $c DLC $d DLC<br />
041 0  $d eng $g eng<br />
042    $a lccopycat<br />
050 00 $a Columbia CS 8786<br />
100 1  $a Dylan, Bob, $d 1941-<br />
245 14 $a The freewheelin' Bob Dylan $h [sound recording].<br />
260    $a [New York, N.Y.] : $b Columbia, $c [1963]<br />
300    $a 1 sound disc : $b analog, 33 1/3 rpm, stereo. ; $c 12 in.<br />
500    $a Songs.<br />
511 0  $a The composer accompanying himself on the guitar ; in part with instrumental ensemble.<br />
500    $a Program notes by Nat Hentoff on container.<br />
505 0  $a Blowin' in the wind -- Girl from the north country -- Masters of war -- Down the highway -- Bob Dylan's blues -- A hard rain's a-gonna fall -- Don't think twice, it's all right -- Bob Dylan's dream -- Oxford town -- Talking World War III blues -- Corrina, Corrina -- Honey, just allow me one more chance -- I shall be free.<br />
650  0 $a Popular music $y 1961-1970.<br />
650  0 $a Blues (Music) $y 1961-1970.<br />
856 41 $3 Preservation copy (limited access) $u http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mbrsrs/lp0001.dyln<br />
952    $a New<br />
953    $a TA28<br />
991    $b c-RecSound $h Columbia CS 8786 $w MUSIC<br />
</code></p>
<p>The same bibliographic record serialized as MARC-in-JSON would appear as follows (pretty-printed with whitespace and line breaks for readability):</p>
<pre>{
    "leader":"01471cjm a2200349 a 4500",
    "fields":
    [
        {
            "001":"5674874"
        },
        {
            "005":"20030305110405.0"
        },
        {
            "007":"sdubsmennmplu"
        },
        {
            "008":"930331s1963    nyuppn              eng d"
        },
        {
            "035":
            {
                "subfields":
                [
                    {
                        "9":"(DLC)   93707283"
                    }
                ],
                "ind1":" ",
                "ind2":" "
            }
        },
        {
            "906":
            {
                "subfields":
                [
                    {
                        "a":"7"
                    },
                    {
                        "b":"cbc"
                    },
                    {
                        "c":"copycat"
                    },
                    {
                        "d":"4"
                    },
                    {
                        "e":"ncip"
                    },
                    {
                        "f":"19"
                    },
                    {
                        "g":"y-soundrec"
                    }
                ],
                "ind1":" ",
                "ind2":" "
            }
        },
        {
            "010":
            {
                "subfields":
                [
                    {
                        "a":"   93707283 "
                    }
                ],
                "ind1":" ",
                "ind2":" "
            }
        },
        {
            "028":
            {
                "subfields":
                [
                    {
                        "a":"CS 8786"
                    },
                    {
                        "b":"Columbia"
                    }
                ],
                "ind1":"0",
                "ind2":"2"
            }
        },
        {
            "035":
            {
                "subfields":
                [
                    {
                        "a":"(OCoLC)13083787"
                    }
                ],
                "ind1":" ",
                "ind2":" "
            }
        },
        {
            "040":
            {
                "subfields":
                [
                    {
                        "a":"OClU"
                    },
                    {
                        "c":"DLC"
                    },
                    {
                        "d":"DLC"
                    }
                ],
                "ind1":" ",
                "ind2":" "
            }
        },
        {
            "041":
            {
                "subfields":
                [
                    {
                        "d":"eng"
                    },
                    {
                        "g":"eng"
                    }
                ],
                "ind1":"0",
                "ind2":" "
            }
        },
        {
            "042":
            {
                "subfields":
                [
                    {
                        "a":"lccopycat"
                    }
                ],
                "ind1":" ",
                "ind2":" "
            }
        },
        {
            "050":
            {
                "subfields":
                [
                    {
                        "a":"Columbia CS 8786"
                    }
                ],
                "ind1":"0",
                "ind2":"0"
            }
        },
        {
            "100":
            {
                "subfields":
                [
                    {
                        "a":"Dylan,
                         Bob,
                        "
                    },
                    {
                        "d":"1941-"
                    }
                ],
                "ind1":"1",
                "ind2":" "
            }
        },
        {
            "245":
            {
                "subfields":
                [
                    {
                        "a":"The freewheelin' Bob Dylan"
                    },
                    {
                        "h":"
                        [
                            sound recording
                        ]
                        ."
                    }
                ],
                "ind1":"1",
                "ind2":"4"
            }
        },
        {
            "260":
            {
                "subfields":
                [
                    {
                        "a":"
                        [
                            New York,
                             N.Y.
                        ]
                         :"
                    },
                    {
                        "b":"Columbia,
                        "
                    },
                    {
                        "c":"
                        [
                            1963
                        ]
                        "
                    }
                ],
                "ind1":" ",
                "ind2":" "
            }
        },
        {
            "300":
            {
                "subfields":
                [
                    {
                        "a":"1 sound disc :"
                    },
                    {
                        "b":"analog,
                         33 1/3 rpm,
                         stereo. ;"
                    },
                    {
                        "c":"12 in."
                    }
                ],
                "ind1":" ",
                "ind2":" "
            }
        },
        {
            "500":
            {
                "subfields":
                [
                    {
                        "a":"Songs."
                    }
                ],
                "ind1":" ",
                "ind2":" "
            }
        },
        {
            "511":
            {
                "subfields":
                [
                    {
                        "a":"The composer accompanying himself on the guitar ; in part with instrumental ensemble."
                    }
                ],
                "ind1":"0",
                "ind2":" "
            }
        },
        {
            "500":
            {
                "subfields":
                [
                    {
                        "a":"Program notes by Nat Hentoff on container."
                    }
                ],
                "ind1":" ",
                "ind2":" "
            }
        },
        {
            "505":
            {
                "subfields":
                [
                    {
                        "a":"Blowin' in the wind -- Girl from the north country -- Masters of war -- Down the highway -- Bob Dylan's blues -- A hard rain's a-gonna fall -- Don't think twice,
                         it's all right -- Bob Dylan's dream -- Oxford town -- Talking World War III blues -- Corrina,
                         Corrina -- Honey,
                         just allow me one more chance -- I shall be free."
                    }
                ],
                "ind1":"0",
                "ind2":" "
            }
        },
        {
            "650":
            {
                "subfields":
                [
                    {
                        "a":"Popular music"
                    },
                    {
                        "y":"1961-1970."
                    }
                ],
                "ind1":" ",
                "ind2":"0"
            }
        },
        {
            "650":
            {
                "subfields":
                [
                    {
                        "a":"Blues (Music)"
                    },
                    {
                        "y":"1961-1970."
                    }
                ],
                "ind1":" ",
                "ind2":"0"
            }
        },
        {
            "856":
            {
                "subfields":
                [
                    {
                        "3":"Preservation copy (limited access)"
                    },
                    {
                        "u":"http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mbrsrs/lp0001.dyln"
                    }
                ],
                "ind1":"4",
                "ind2":"1"
            }
        },
        {
            "952":
            {
                "subfields":
                [
                    {
                        "a":"New"
                    }
                ],
                "ind1":" ",
                "ind2":" "
            }
        },
        {
            "953":
            {
                "subfields":
                [
                    {
                        "a":"TA28"
                    }
                ],
                "ind1":" ",
                "ind2":" "
            }
        },
        {
            "991":
            {
                "subfields":
                [
                    {
                        "b":"c-RecSound"
                    },
                    {
                        "h":"Columbia CS 8786"
                    },
                    {
                        "w":"MUSIC"
                    }
                ],
                "ind1":" ",
                "ind2":" "
            }
        }
    ]
}</pre>
<p>The key words &#8220;MUST&#8221;, &#8220;MUST NOT&#8221;, &#8220;REQUIRED&#8221;, &#8220;SHALL&#8221;, &#8220;SHALL NOT&#8221;, &#8220;SHOULD&#8221;, &#8220;SHOULD NOT&#8221;, &#8220;RECOMMENDED&#8221;, &#8220;MAY&#8221;, and &#8220;OPTIONAL&#8221; in this document are to be interpreted as described in <a href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2119">IETF RFC 2119</a>.</p>
<p>MARC-in-JSON records MUST conform to the following <a href="http://json-schema.org/">JSON schema</a>:</p>
<pre>{
    "description":"A MARC Record",
    "type": "object",
    "properties": {
        "leader": {
            "type": "string",
            "minLength": 24,
            "maxLength": 24
        },
        "fields": {
            "type": "array",
            "items": {
                "type":[
                    {
                        "type": "object",
                        "description":"A MARC Control Field",
                        "additionalProperties":{
                            "type":"string"
                        }
                    },
                    {
                        "type": "object",
                        "additionalProperties":{
                            "type":"object",
                            "description":"A MARC Variable Field",
                            "properties":{
                                "ind1":{
                                    "type":"string",
                                    "minLength":1,
                                    "maxLength":1
                                },
                                "ind2":{
                                    "type":"string",
                                    "minLength":1,
                                    "maxLength":1
                                },
                                "subfields":{
                                    "type":"array",
                                    "items":{
                                        "type":"object",
                                        "description":"A MARC Subfield",
                                        "additionalProperties":{
                                            "type":"string"
                                        }
                                    }
                                }
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    ]
                },
            "additionalProperties": false
        }
    },
    "additionalProperties": false
}</pre>
<p><a href="/files/marc-schema.json">Download this schema.</a></p>
<p>MARC-in-JSON consists of four (4) object types:</p>
<dl>
<dt><strong>Record objects</strong></dt>
<dd>The base representation of the MARC record.  It MUST be a JSON object with two properties:</p>
<ul>
<li><em>leader</em>, which MUST be a string, exactly 24 characters in length.</li>
<li><em>fields</em>, an array which MUST only contain control field and variable field objects.</li>
</ul>
<p>Record objects MAY be contained in a JSON array.</p>
</dd>
<dt><strong>Control field objects</strong></dt>
<dd>MARC control fields MUST be represented as a JSON object with a single key/value pair.  The key MUST be a string conforming to a valid MARC field tag value (generally three alphanumeric characters).  The value of the object MUST be a string.</dd>
<dt><strong>Variable field objects</strong> </dt>
<dt> </dt>
<dd>Variable fields MUST be represented as JSON objects with a single key/value pair.  The key MUST be a string conforming to a valid MARC field tag value (generally three alphanumeric characters).  The value of the object MUST be a JSON object with three properties:</p>
<ul>
<li><em>ind1</em>: a one (1) character string representing the 1st MARC field indicator</li>
<li><em>ind2</em>: a one (1) character string representing the 2nd MARC field indicator</li>
<li><em>subfields</em>: an array containing at least one subfield object</li>
</ul>
</dd>
<dt><strong>Subfield objects</strong></dt>
<dd>MARC subfields MUST be represented as JSON objects with a single key/value pair.  The key MUST be a string conforming to a valid MARC subfield code value (generally a single alphanumeric character).  The value MUST be a string representing the value of the subfield.  A subfield object MUST only appear in a variable field object <em>subfields</em> array.</dd>
</dl>
<p>The content of a MARC-in-JSON object MUST be UTF-8 encoded or UTF-8 escaped according to the JSON standard (<a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4627">RFC 4627</a>).  MARC-8, UTF-16 or UTF-32 SHALL NOT be permitted under MARC-in-JSON.</p>
<p>There are currently two implementations conforming to this specification for serialization:</p>
<ul>
<li>PHP/Pear <a href="http://pear.php.net/package/File_MARC" target="_blank">File_MARC</a> (version &gt;= 0.6.1)</li>
<li><a href="http://gist.github.com/511792" target="_blank">Patch</a> for <a href="http://marc.rubyforge.org/" target="_blank">Ruby MARC</a>.</li>
</ul>
		
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							<a href='http://robotlibrarian.billdueber.com/' rel='external nofollow' class='url'>Bill Dueber</a> said: <span><time pubdate datetime="2010-09-02T15:12:58+00:00">September 2, 2010<em>3:12 pm</em></time></span>						</div><!-- .comment-author .vcard -->

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							<p>Should we think about transforming the leader? Record length is meaningless in this context &#8212; maybe make it all zeros? </p>
<p>Also, the spec requires utf-8, so maybe the encoding char in the leader should be forced to &#8216;a&#8217; within marc-in-json.</p>
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							<a href='http://robotlibrarian.billdueber.com/' rel='external nofollow' class='url'>Bill Dueber</a> said: <span><time pubdate datetime="2010-09-02T15:43:00+00:00">September 2, 2010<em>3:43 pm</em></time></span>						</div><!-- .comment-author .vcard -->

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							<p>Also &#8212; what to do about serializing multiple records in a collection? Requiring a json pull-parser might be more a challenge in some language than others. </p>
<p>One (perfectly valid) option is to ignore it, and explicitly state that this is a single-record serialization.</p>
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							<a href='http://dilettantes.code4lib.org' rel='external nofollow' class='url'>Ross</a> said: <span><time pubdate datetime="2010-09-21T10:56:55+00:00">September 21, 2010<em>10:56 am</em></time></span>						</div><!-- .comment-author .vcard -->

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							<p>I have no problem with the record length suggestion.  What does marcxml do?  I figure copying its behavior makes the most sense.</p>
<p>I&#8217;m not sure, however, with forcing the encoding char to &#8216;a&#8217;.  Just because JSON requires UTF-8, it doesn&#8217;t mean the record wasn&#8217;t inadvertently serialized from a MARC-8 record.  At least a valid leader would signal some &#8216;buyer beware&#8217; actions need to be taken on the part of consumer.</p>
<p>As far as single vs. multiple objects in the collection, I say this work just like marcxml:  if the first character is a &#8220;[&#8221; it&#8217;s a collection, if it&#8217;s a &#8220;{&#8220;, it&#8217;s a single record.  It&#8217;s hard to justify newline delimited JSON until there is some standardized way to advertise it.</p>
<p>I agree that requiring a pull-parser is less than ideal (and it wouldn&#8217;t be &#8216;required&#8217;, just &#8216;recommended&#8217;), but given a selection of sub-par alternatives (pull-parser vs. non-standard), I feel compelled to go with the thing we can advertise and consistently document.</p>
<p>Now, if ways to provide newline-delimited JSON were to improve, then I&#8217;m all for it.  Also, this says nothing about any out of band arrangements you might have.</p>
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					<p>Pingback: <a href='http://robotlibrarian.billdueber.com/sizespeed-of-various-marc-serializations-using-ruby-marc/' rel='external nofollow' class='url'>Size/speed of various MARC serializations using ruby-marc &raquo; Robot Librarian</a></p>
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					<p>Pingback: <a href='http://jakoblog.de/2011/04/13/mapping-bibliographic-record-subfields-to-json/' rel='external nofollow' class='url'>Mapping bibliographic record subfields to JSON &laquo; Jakoblog — Das Weblog von Jakob Voß</a></p>
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					<p>Pingback: <a href='http://robotlibrarian.billdueber.com/new-interest-in-marc-hash-json/' rel='external nofollow' class='url'>New interest in MARC-HASH / JSON &laquo; Robot Librarian</a></p>
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